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TCP and UDP are Transport Layer protocols which allow multiple applications to use one network connection simultaneously. TCP: It stands for Transmission Control Protocol. It is a reliable and connection-oriented transport protocol. A connection must be established between both ends of a transmission before either can transmit data.   It uses three-way handshaking to set up connection.                  At the sending end of each transmission, TCP divides a stream of data into smaller units called segments. Each segment includes a sequence number and an acknowledgment number for ordering at the receiver side. It has a bigger header of 20 bytes. It provides congestion control and the segments reach in-order. UDP: It stands for User Datagram Protocol. It is a process-to-process that adds only port addresses, checksum, error control and length information to the data from the upper layer. It is an unreliable connecti...

The name TCP/IP refers to a suite of data communication protocols. The name comes from two of the more important protocols in the suite. The Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) and the Internet Protocol(IP). It consists of five layers: Physical, Data Link, Internet, Transport, and Application. The internet layer is equivalent to the Network layer and the Application layer is roughly doing the job of the Session, Presentation, and Application layer. TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, each of which provides a specific functionality. The layers of the TCP/IP suite contain relatively independent protocols that can be mixed and matched depending on the needs of the system. Application Layer: This layer is the top layer in the TCP/IP model. It includes processes which use Transport Layer Protocol to transmit the data to their destination. There are different Application Layer Protocols such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, SNMP protocols etc. Transport...

Pic: Wikipedia 1.Physical Layer- Bits: Hubs, Repeaters, Fibers, Cables, Microwave, Radio, etc. 2.Data Link Layer- Frames: Bridges, 2-Layer Switches, Ethernet, WiFi AP's 3.Network Layer- Packets: Routers, 3-Layer Switches. 4.Transport Layer- Segments: Load Balancers/Firewalls. 5.Session Layer- Data:  Load Balancers/Firewalls/Computers. 6.Presentation Layer- Data: Load Balancers/Firewalls/Computers. 7.Application Layer- Data:  Load Balancers/Firewalls/Computers.

Application Layer(Layer 7): This layer lies at the top of the OSI model. It enables the user, human or software to access the network. It is responsible for providing services to the user. High-level APIs including resource sharing, remote file access. Services provided by Application layer: Network Virtual terminal: A network virtual terminal is a software version of a physical terminal. This layer is responsible for facilitating the user to log on to a remote host through setting up network virtual terminal. File transfer, access, and management: It allows a user to access files    in a remote host(to make changes or read data), to retrieve files from a remote computer for use in the local computer 

Presentation Layer(Layer 6):  It is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two systems, translation of data between a networking service and an application; including character encoding, data compression, and encryption/decryption.  Functions of the Presentation layer include: Translation: As different computers use different encoding systems, the Presentation layer is responsible for the interoperability between these different encoding methods. The Presentation layer at the sender changes the information from its sender dependent format to a common format. The Presentation layer at the receiving machine changes the common format into its receiver dependent format. Encryption: Encryption means sender transforms the original information to another form and sends the resulting message out over the network. Compression: Data compression reduces the number of bits contained in the information which is particularly important ...

Session Layer(Layer 5): This layer lies between the Transport layer and the Presentation layer. It allows users of different machines to set sessions between them. It establishes, maintains and synchronizes the interaction among communicating devices. It manages communication sessions, i.e. continuous exchange of information in the form of multiple back-and-forth transmissions between two nodes. The functions of the session layer are: Dialog Control: The session layer allows two systems to enter into a dialog. It allows the communication between the two processes in either half-duplex or full duplex. Synchronization: It allows long transmissions to resume after a checkpointing.